method to kill, control or repel plant pests, method to increase the volume of moist soil available

专利摘要:
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the control of nematodes and soil borne diseases using compositions comprising oils containing high terpene content and one or more surfactants. The invention also relates to methods for increasing the volume of moist soil available for water utilization by plant roots using the disclosed compositions.
公开号:BR112012004540B1
申请号:R112012004540-7
申请日:2010-04-13
公开日:2021-05-25
发明作者:Erroll M. Pullen；Melvin Donovan Pullen
申请人:Oro Agri Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[001] This application claims priority from Application Serial No. US 12/585,232 filed September 9, 2009. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[002] The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the control of nematodes and soil-borne diseases using compositions comprising oils containing a high content of terpene and one or more surfactants. The invention also relates to methods for treating the soil and which include increasing the volume of moist soil available for water utilization by plant roots using the disclosed compositions and improving soil drainage. All cited references, patents, and printed publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. HISTORIC
[003] "Round worms" or "nematodes" (phylum Nematoda) are the most diverse phylum of pseudocoelomates and one of the most diverse of all animals. More than 80,000 species have been described, of which more than 15,000 are parasites. It is estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms may be greater than 500,000. Unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is tube-like at both ends.
[004] Nematodes have successfully adapted to almost all ecological niches, from marine to freshwater, from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as from the highest to the lowest elevations. They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, where they often outperform other animals in both individual and species counts, and are found in places as diverse as Antarctica and ocean trenches. They represent, for example, 90% of all life on the Earth's ocean floor. The many parasitic forms include pathogens from most plants and animals (including humans). Depending on the species, a nematode can be beneficial or harmful to plant health.
[005] From an agricultural point of view, there are two categories of nematodes: predators, which will kill garden pests such as wormworms; and pest nematodes, such as the root-knot nematode, which attack plants.
[006] Predatory nematodes can be acquired as an organic form of pest control.
[007] Plant rotations with nematode resistant species or varieties are a means of managing parasitic nematode infestations. For example, marigolds, grown for one or more seasons (the effect is cumulative), can be used to control nematodes. Another is treatment with natural antagonists such as the fungus Gliocladium roseum. Chitosan is a natural biocontroller that triggers plant defense responses to destroy parasitic cyst nematodes in roots of soybeans, corn, beets, potatoes and tomatoes without harming beneficial nematodes in the soil.
[008] Nematicides are agents that can be used to kill or control nematodes. A common nematicide is obtained from neem pie, the residue obtained after cold pressing the fruit and grains of the neem tree. Known by many names in the world, the tree has been cultivated in India since ancient times and is now widely distributed throughout the world. Nematophagous fungi, a type of carnivorous fungus, can also be useful in controlling nematodes, Paecilomyces is an example.
[009] Prior to 1985, persistent halocarbon DBCP was a widely used soil fumigant and nematicide. However, it was banned from use after being linked to sterility among male agricultural workers. In addition to chemicals, soil fumigation can be used to kill nematodes. Superheated steam can be induced in the soil, which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate.
[010] Despite attempts to control nematodes and other soil-borne diseases, there remains a significant unmet need for effective nematicide compositions and soil-borne disease control to control and prevent unwanted nematode pests and other soil-borne diseases.
[011] Irrigation methods are becoming more efficient, such as the use of drip irrigation, but this in itself leads to new problems such as deep percolation.
[012] Soil life forms include fungi, nematodes, algae and insects.
[013] Nematodes control other nematodes, insects and other organisms. Many nematodes are harmless to plants, but some are plant parasites. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[014] The present invention is directed, in certain embodiments, to methods for killing, controlling or repelling plant pests that are present in the soil. In certain preferred embodiments, pests include, but are not limited to, nematodes, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Erwinia and Verticillium. The methods of the invention involve the step of selecting soil in need of treatment and applying an effective amount of a composition comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high terpene content to the soil in need of treatment to thereby, kill plant pests in the soil that has been selected for treatment.
[015] In certain embodiments, the soil selection step comprises the identification of soil containing any of the target pests present in an amount sufficient to damage or reduce the growth of a plant growing in the soil. In certain embodiments, the soil selection step comprises identifying soil containing any of said pests present in an amount sufficient to reduce the yield of a plant growing in the soil.
[016] In certain achievements, the identification of the soil in need of treatment is made by determining, based on previous planting in the soil, that any of said pests is present in the soil in an amount sufficient to harm plants that grow in the soil or reduce the yield or growth of plants growing on said soil.
[017] In certain preferred embodiments, the plant pest to be killed, controlled or repelled in the soil is Phytophthora. In certain preferred embodiments, the plant pest to be killed in the soil is the root-knot nematode.
[018] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods to increase the volume of moist soil, such that there is an increase in the amount of water available for absorption by plant roots that grow in the soil. In certain embodiments, the method comprises selecting soil in need of treatment and applying an effective amount of a composition comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils based on high terpene content to the soil in need of treatment to thereby increase the volume of moist soil, such that there is an increase in the amount of water available for water uptake by plant roots growing in the soil compared to untreated soil.
[019] In certain embodiments, the lateral movement of water in treated soil is increased compared to the lateral movement of water in soil that has not been subjected to treatment.
[020] In certain embodiments, the treatment increases the amount of water available to a plant that grows in said soil, increasing the amount of water in the root zone of the plant compared to soil that has not been subjected to treatment.
[021] In certain realizations, the treated soil has at least around 5%, or at least around 10%, or at least around 15%, or at least around 20%, or at least in around 25%, or at least around 30%, or at least around 33% more moist soil available for water uptake by plant roots compared to untreated soil.
[022] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods comprising the steps of providing a concentrate comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high content of terpene and alcohol; injecting said concentrate into a drip irrigation system to thereby dilute said concentrate; and applying said diluted concentrate to the soil through said drip irrigation system. In certain embodiments, the concentrate is applied at a rate of between about 2 quarts to about 5 gallons per acre. In certain embodiments, injectors are used at a central point in the irrigation system on the farm, or when a specific block is to receive treatment; farmers can use injectors located on the block. Injectors at the center point where the pump is located are usually powered by electricity, while injectors that do not have electricity on site can use the pressure of a small amount of water that is expelled from the system to propel them. The injectors can be combined with a tank to store the product. Farmers can have the injection systems on wheels that can be taken wherever they are needed on a block. This reduces costs by having a system for many locations.
[023] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to drip irrigation systems, in which the water in said drip irrigation system comprises one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high terpene content. In certain embodiments, the water in said drip irrigation system is distributed directly to the soil and is not applied directly to the plant or any part of the plant. In certain projects, water is distributed to the soil before planting. In certain embodiments, water is distributed to the soil after planting. In certain embodiments, planting includes transgenic plants. In certain embodiments, the planting comprises non-transgenic plants.
[024] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods for increasing the uniformity of water distribution by drippers in a drip irrigation system that comprises the steps of providing a concentrate comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high terpene content; injecting said concentrate into a drip irrigation system to thereby dilute said concentrate; application of said diluted concentrate to the soil through said drip irrigation system, wherein the uniformity of water distribution in said drip irrigation system is increased compared to the water distribution of the drip irrigation system, prior to treatment with the concentrate.
[025] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods of demineralizing a drip irrigation system comprising the steps of providing a concentrate comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high content of terpene and alcohol; injecting said concentrate into a drip irrigation system to thereby dilute said concentrate; of applying said diluted concentrate to the soil through said drip irrigation system, wherein the drip irrigation system contains less scale or mineral deposit compared to the drip irrigation system prior to treatment with the concentrate. The methods of the invention improve the water use efficiency of drip irrigation systems.
[026] In certain preferred embodiments, the volume of water distributed by individual drippers in the drip irrigation system before treatment with said concentrates of the invention varies at least around 10%, or at least around 20%, or at least around 30%, or at least around 35%, when said drippers are compared to each other.
[027] In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied directly to the soil and not to the plant or any part of the plant. In certain preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied through a drip irrigation system. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied to the soil prior to planting through drip irrigation. In certain embodiments, the compositions are applied to the soil through drip irrigation after planting.
[028] In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied through sprinkler irrigation. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied through a microjet® sprinkler sprinkler. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied to the soil prior to planting through sprinkler irrigation. In certain embodiments, the compositions are applied to the soil through sprinkler irrigation after planting.
[029] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to compositions comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high content of terpene and alcohol. In certain embodiments, one or more oils containing high terpene content is a citrus oil. In certain embodiments, the oil containing high terpene content is selected from the group consisting of orange oil, lemon oil, lime oil, grapefruit oil and tangerine oil. In preferred embodiments, the oil containing high terpene content is cold pressed orange oil.
[030] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises orange oil. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 1% by weight to about 20% by weight of orange oil. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 2% to about 15% by weight of orange oil. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 5% to about 12% orange oil. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 10% orange oil. In certain preferred embodiments, the orange oil is Valencia orange oil. In even more preferred embodiments, the orange oil is cold pressed orange oil.
[031] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises propylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 5% by weight to about 10% by weight propylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 6% to about 9% by weight of propylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 8% to about 9% propylene glycol. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 8.8% propylene glycol.
[032] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises ethyl alcohol. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 1% by weight to about 15% by weight of ethyl alcohol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 2% to about 10% by weight of ethyl alcohol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 3% to about 7% ethyl alcohol. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 5.5% ethyl alcohol.
[033] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises borax. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight of borax. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 1.0% to about 4.5% by weight of borax. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 1.5% to about 4.0% by weight of borax. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 2.0% to about 3.5% by weight of borax. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 2.5% to about 3.0% by weight of borax.
[034] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a fertilizer. In certain embodiments, the composition can further comprise a seaweed extract.
[035] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises micronutrients.
[036] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises sodium lauryl ether sulfate. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 3% by weight to about 10% by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 4% to about 9% by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 5% to about 7% sodium lauryl ether sulfate. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 6% sodium lauryl ether sulfate. In certain preferred embodiments, the sodium lauryl ether sulfate is Calfoam ES-603.
[037] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises ethoxylated secondary alcohol. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 10% by weight to about 30% by weight of ethoxylated secondary alcohol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 15% to about 25% by weight of ethoxylated secondary alcohol. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 18% to about 22% ethoxylated secondary alcohol. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 20% ethoxylated secondary alcohol. In certain preferred embodiments, the secondary alcohol ethoxylate is Tergitol 15-S-9.
[038] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises urea. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.1% by weight to about 2.0% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% urea. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 1.0% urea.
[039] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.1% by weight to about 2.0% by weight of EDTA. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.2% to about 1.5% by weight of EDTA. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.3% to about 1.0% EDTA. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.5% EDTA. In certain preferred embodiments, the EDTA is Versene 220.
[040] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises methylparaben. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.01% by weight to about 2.0% by weight of methylparaben. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.02% to about 1.5% by weight of methylparaben. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.03% to about 1.0% methylparaben. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.1% methylparaben. In certain preferred embodiments, methylparaben is a methyl ester of benzoic acid.
[041] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises propylparaben. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.01% by weight to about 2.0% by weight of propylparaben. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.02% to about 1.5% by weight of propylparaben. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.03% to about 1.0% propylparaben. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.1% propylparaben. In certain preferred embodiments, the propylparaben is a propyl ester of benzoic acid.
[042] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises citric acid. In certain embodiments, the composition is a concentrate comprising from about 0.01% by weight to about 2.0% by weight citric acid. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises from about 0.02% to about 1.5% by weight citric acid. In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.03% to about 1.0% citric acid. In certain preferred embodiments, the concentrate comprises about 0.1% citric acid.
[043] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, nematicide or acaricide.
[044] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods for increasing or promoting microbial activity in soil, comprising: selecting soil in need of treatment and applying an effective amount of a composition comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils based on a high content of terpene and alcohol to the soil in need of treatment; to thereby increase or promote microbial activity in soil selected for treatment compared to untreated soil.
[045] In certain embodiments, the increase in microbial activity is between about 1.5 and about 15.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil. In certain embodiments, the increase in microbial activity is between about 1.5 and about 10.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil. In certain embodiments, the increase in microbial activity is between about 1.5 and about 8.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil. In certain embodiments, the increase in microbial activity is between about 1.5 and about 7.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil. In certain embodiments, the increase in microbial activity is between about 1.5 and about 6.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil.
[046] In certain embodiments, microbial activity is measured as NPM (potentially mineralizable nitrogen) in units of μg N/g/unit of time (micrograms of nitrogen per gram per unit of time). In certain other embodiments, microbial activity can be measured using other units or using other metrics to determine microbial activity. In certain embodiments, NPM is measured in units of μg N/g/week (micrograms of nitrogen per gram per week).
[047] In certain embodiments, root development of plants growing in treated soil increases compared to roots of plants growing in untreated soil. In certain embodiments, root development of plants growing in treated soil is stimulated compared to roots of plants growing in untreated soil.
[048] In certain embodiments, the production yield of plants growing in treated soil increases compared to the production yield of plants growing in untreated soil.
[049] In certain embodiments, treated soil has a higher percentage of water-stable particle aggregates compared to untreated soil. In certain embodiments, treated soil has a higher percentage of water-stable particle aggregates and is more friable than untreated soil.
[050] In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied at a rate of between about 5 L/ha to about 100 L/ha. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied at a rate of from about 5 L/ha to about 40 L/ha. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied at a rate of from about 5 L/ha to about 30 L/ha. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied at a rate of from about 5 L/ha to about 20 L/ha. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied at a rate of about 10 L/ha. In certain embodiments of the invention, the composition is applied at a rate of about 20 L/ha. In certain preferred embodiments, compositions of the invention are concentrated.
[051] In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied to the soil once during a growing season. In other embodiments, the compositions are applied to the soil twice during a growing season. In other embodiments, the compositions are applied to the soil more than twice during a growing season.
[052] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods of demineralizing hardened chemicals in equipment or containers used to apply or transport agricultural chemicals, which comprise providing a concentrate comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high content of terpene; mixing or injecting said concentrate into said application container or equipment, thereby loosening and cleaning said application container and equipment; so that the equipment or containers are demineralized.
[053] In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to methods for dissolving hardened chemicals in equipment or containers used to apply or transport agricultural chemicals, comprise providing a concentrate comprising one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high terpene content and alcohol; mixing or injecting said concentrate into said application container or equipment, thereby loosening and cleaning said application container and equipment; so that the hardened chemicals are dissolved. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[054] The patent file or application contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent application publication or color patent design(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
[055] Figure 1: The leaves provide excellent protection against sunburn (treated). Compared to the untreated control, Phytophthora stopped spreading to other plants and increased growth was observed. The maximum plant height is approximately 17 inches. The observed flower count of 8% in the untreated block (flower count is the number of flowers per unit, such as per plant or at a distance in the row). Treated plants provide excellent coverage against sunburn. The overall health of the plant as seen in the picture is excellent.
[056] Figure 2: In treated plants, peppers inside the leaf cover are difficult to see.
[057] Figure 3: The untreated plants are the same age as other images. Notice how hard the plant's leaves look. The maximum plant height is 13 inches.
[058] Figure 4: Untreated plants do not provide enough shade to protect the peppers from sunburn. Burnt pepper looks yellow.
[059] Figure 5: Untreated plants. More sunburn. Note the flattening of plants. Flattening as referred to in this document is a lack of mainly vertical growth due to a problem in the root system, causing stress on the plant. This could be any relevant disease, poor soil conditions and water stress. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[060] The present invention is directed, in certain embodiments, to the control, death, repellency or prevention of nematodes and soil-borne diseases. Such soil-borne diseases include, but are not limited to Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Erwinia and Verticillium. The compositions disclosed herein have been found to be surprisingly and unexpectedly effective in killing plant pathogenic nematodes, as well as organisms that are the causative agents of soil-borne diseases. It was further considered that the disclosed compositions significantly increase the volume of wet soil available for water utilization by plant roots in soil treated with the compositions.
[061] The applicant considered that the compositions disclosed in this document control nematodes when applied directly to the soil, this was not expected and was very surprising.
[062] The applicant also considered that the compositions kill Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Erwinia and Verticillium,; this was not expected and it was very surprising.
[063] When applied through drip irrigation, the composition moistens the soil more laterally as opposed to forming more vertical channels. The result is that the volume of moist soil available for water utilization by plant roots is greater and the loss of drainage below the root zone is limited. This was not expected and was very surprising.
[064] Because compositions increase the volume of wet soil available for plant water utilization, there is a larger reservoir of water available during periodic times of moisture stress such as daily fluctuations in plant water loss or during times of drought.
[065] Any treatment that improves the root zone's ability to better expand and absorb water during times of moisture stress improves the growth and vigor of the entire plant, making it better able to resist pest attacks, including, among others, nematodes. Many above-ground pests, including but not limited to mites, increase their attacks and speed up their reproduction rate when they notice plants under stress. A plant that is under stress is a signal to pests that the food source may be depleted, triggering an increase in the generation rate.
[066] Improved plant growth and vigor lead to more rapid expansion of plant leaf area, leading to an increase in the rate of net assimilation and, consequently, the production of more photosynthesis products. This increases the production of seeds, fruits, edible foliage or vegetable parts that are useful such as peat turf foliage.
[067] Plants that are under stress tend to favor reproductive development directed towards the formation of seeds as a last resort and neglect the development of other edible parts of vegetables such as fruits, apart from the seeds, for which the plant is being produced . This includes, among others, strawberries, stone fruits, pome fruits, tomatoes, peppers, cucurbit fruits. Plants that are grown specifically for seed production, such as walnuts, when grown under stress, have smaller seeds that are not desirable for commercial purposes.
[068] The compositions of the invention, when injected into drip irrigation systems, improve the efficiency of individual drippers in treated drip irrigation systems and make the volume of water distributed by individual drippers in the drip irrigation system more uniform. In other words, after treatment with the compositions of the invention, drip heads in a drip irrigation system distribute closer to the same amount of water to the soil over the same period of time. This increases the accuracy of the dripper volume and makes the drip irrigation system more efficient because it allows the farmer to more accurately control the amount of water distributed to the soil.
[069] Individual drippers and piping in drip irrigation systems can sometimes become “clogged” due to mineralization or the creation of mineral or scale deposits within the pipe and drippers. This can occur when certain nutrients are used over a period of time. In some drip irrigation systems, the volume of water distributed by individual drippers in a drip irrigation system can vary as much as about 35% between different drippers. Variability between drippers can also occur when hard water is used, which contains high levels of calcium and/or minerals and/or salts.
[070] While not wishing to be bound by theory, one explanation for the better uniformity of drip volumes between individual drippers after treating a drip irrigation system with the compositions of the invention is that the compositions dissolve scale or mineral deposits that can form over time within drip irrigation systems. Thus, the amount of scale or mineral deposit in the drip irrigation system is reduced by treatment with the compositions of the invention. The result is that the drip irrigation system is less clogged, water flow is not as restricted, and dripper openings are less blocked or less obstructed.
[071] As used herein, "demineralization" or "demineralizers" means that the amount of scale or mineral deposit present in a system is reduced compared to the system in question prior to treatment with the compositions of the invention.
[072] One advantage of having drip volume uniformity between individual drippers in a drip irrigation system is that farmers are better able to control the amount of water to be distributed by the drippers to the ground. This is a surprising and unexpected property of the compositions of the invention.
[073] As used herein, natural oil containing high terpene content means natural oils with a terpene content of at least 50 percent. It is preferable that natural oil with a high terpene content contains at least 65 percent terpene. Suitable natural oils containing high terpene content include coniferous oil such as citrus peel oils, preferably orange oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, lime oil, tangerine oil or pine oil. Of these, orange oil is preferred and cold pressed orange oil is most preferred. The preferred terpene content is from about 80 percent to about 95 percent and more preferred from about 85 percent to about 87 percent and most preferred from about 90 to about 97 percent, all in Weight. D'Limonene (citrus terpenes or other natural oils) can also be used.
[074] As used herein, the terms "terpene" or "high terpene content" refer to any of a class of chemical compounds that are pervasive in nature, primarily in plants, as constituents of essential oils. Many terpenes are hydrocarbons, but oxygen-containing compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes or ketones (terpenoids) are also found. Its building block is the hydrocarbon isoprene, CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2. Certain terpene hydrocarbons have molecular formulas (C5H8)n and can be classified according to the number of isoprene units. When terpenes are chemically modified, such as by oxidation or carbon skeleton rearrangement, the resulting compounds are generally referred to as "terpenoids". As used herein, the term "terpene" includes all "terpenoids". Examples of monoterpenes are: pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, and limonene. Examples of sesquiterpenes are: nerolidol, farnesol. Examples of diterpenes are: phytol, vitamin A1. Squalene is an example of a triterpene and carotene (provitamin A1) is a tetraterpene.
[075] In the context of methods to kill, control or repel plant pests, as used herein, "soil in need of treatment" means soil that contains a causative agent, nematode, fungus, bacteria, virus or other pathogenic organism harmful to plants.
[076] In the context of methods to increase the volume of moist soil, as used in this document, "soil in need of treatment" means soil that has been subjected to dry or arid conditions, such that plants grown in said soil suffer stress due to the lack of sufficient water available in the root zones of said plants.
[077] As used in this document, "to identify soil containing any of the pests disclosed in this document present in an amount sufficient to damage or reduce the growth of a plant growing in said soil" means soil that contains a causative agent, nematode, fungus , bacteria, viruses or other plant-harmful pathogenic organism.
[078] As used herein, in the context of plant pests, "control" or "control" means to regulate or reduce the severity of plant pests.
[079] As used herein, in the context of plant pests, "repel" means to expel or prevent plant pests.
[080] As used in this document, the “root zone” of a plant means the entire area where the roots are growing below a plant.
[081] As used in this document, the terms "pesticide effect" and "pesticide activity" mean any direct or indirect action on target pests that results in reduced feeding damage to any part of the plant, including, among others, seeds, roots, shoots and foliage of plants compared to untreated plants.
[082] The terms "active against a (first or second) pest" also have the same meaning. Such direct or indirect effects include inducing pest death, repelling the pest from any part of the plant, including, but not limited to, seeds, roots, shoots and/or foliage, inhibiting pest feeding on, or laying its eggs on, , the seeds, roots, shoots and/or foliage of the plant, and inhibit or prevent the reproduction of the pest.
[083] “Plant pest” means any organism known to associate with plants and which, as a result of that association, causes a detrimental effect on the health and vigor of the plant. Plant pests include, but are not limited to, fungus, bacteria, viruses, molds, insects, mites and nematodes or any other organism that has a detrimental effect on the health or vigor of the plant, excluding mammals, fish and birds.
[084] The term "plant" as used in this document encompasses whole plants and plant parts such as roots, shoots, stems, leaves, buds, seedlings, germinated seeds and seed, as well as cells and tissues within plants or plant parts .
[085] The term “insecticide activity” has the same meaning as pesticide activity, except that it is limited to those cases where the pest is an insect.
[086] As used in this document, the "sprouts and foliage" of a plant are to be understood as the shoots, stems, twigs, leaves, buds and other appendages of the plant's stems and branches after the seed has sprouted, including the roots of the plant. It is preferable that the shoots and foliage of a plant are understood to be the parts of the plant that have grown from the seed and/or shoots of a "mother" plant.
[087] As used in this document, the term "aggregate of water stable particles" or "percentage of aggregate of water stable particles" means a measure of the extent to which soil aggregates resist crumbling when wet and impacted by raindrops. It is measured using a rainfall simulation sprinkler that constantly rains on a sieve containing a known weight of soil aggregate. Unstable aggregates shrink (break apart) and pass through the sieve. The fraction of soil remaining in the sieve is used to calculate the percentage stability of the aggregate.
[088] As used in this document, the term “Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen” or “NPM” means an indicator of the capacity of the soil microbial community to convert (mineralize) retained nitrogen into complex organic residues into the form of ammonium available to the plant.
[089] Available water capacity refers to the amount of water in the soil that is available to plants. Soil water storage is important for plant growth. Water is stored in soil pores and organic matter. In the field, the wet end of water storage begins when gravity drainage (field capacity) ceases. The dry end of the storage interval is at the 'permanent wilting point'. Water trapped in soils that is unavailable to plants is called hygroscopic water. Clay soils tend to hold more water than sandy soils. Sandy soils tend to lose more water by gravity than clays.
[090] As used in this document, "active carbon" means an indicator of the fraction of soil organic matter that is readily available as a source of carbon and energy to the soil microbial community (ie, food for the soil food web ).
[091] As used in this document, “to increase or promote microbial activity” means to stimulate or increase microbial growth or microbial metabolism.
[092] As used in this document, with respect to methods to increase or promote microbial activity in soil, "selecting soils in need of treatment" means identifying soil that has a low microbial activity according to standard agricultural or horticultural norms or any others of plant production and where an increase in this activity would have a beneficial effect on the soil for plant production purposes.
[093] As used in this document, with respect to methods for killing, controlling or repelling plant pests in the soil, "selecting soils in need of treatment" means identifying the soil that contains plant pests in sufficient quantities to damage or reduce growth of plants grown in the soil.
[094] As used in this document, with respect to methods for increasing wet soil volume, "selecting soil in need of treatment" means identifying soil that upon treatment would have an increase in wet soil volume for improved water absorption compared to to untreated soil.
[095] As used in this document, "root development" as roots develop in the soil, both in the volume of soil in which the roots occur, and in the branching of roots to form a fine feeder root system and extensively developed. This term includes the process whose specific result is the progression of the roots over time, from their formation to the mature structure.
[096] As used in this document, “plant production yield” means the amount of crop production for which specific plants are being grown, per unit of area.
[097] As used in this document, "friable" means a characteristic of the soil related to its friability and how easily it breaks into smaller pieces.
[098] One or more oils based on high terpene content (50% by weight or more), such as, among others, citrus oil compositions of the present invention, may be in the form of a liquid or solid solution; suspension; emulsion; emulsion concentrate; slurry of particles in an aqueous medium (eg, water); wettable powder; wettable granules (dry fluid); dry granules; stake or stick. The concentration of active ingredients in the formulation is preferably about 0.5% to about 99% by weight (w/w), preferably 5-40%.
[099] Preferably, one or more oils based on high terpene content (50% terpene by weight or more), such as, among others, citrus oil compositions of the invention, may comprise from about 0.5% to about 99%, or preferably about 1% to about 30% of one or more oils based on high terpene content (50% terpene by weight or more) such as, among others, citrus oil by weight. In certain preferred embodiments, one or more oils based on high terpene content (50% terpene by weight or more) such as, among others, citrus oil compositions of the invention, may comprise about 5% to about 20%, or about 12% to about 20%, or about 12% to about 18% or about 10% citrus oil by weight.
[0100] Preferably, the composition of the invention may comprise about 3% to about 90% by weight of surfactant or any percentage by weight within this range. Preferably about 5% to about 20% by weight of surfactant. When used as an adjuvant, the final surfactant concentration is preferably about 0.05% to about 0.8% by weight of surfactant. In some embodiments, this can be from about 0.25% to about 0.33% by weight of surfactant. In other embodiments, the surfactant is present at from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.2% by weight and in other embodiments from about 0.025% to about 0.05%.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention may further comprise one or more insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, herbicides, nutrients, plant growth regulators and/or fertilizers. In these embodiments, the composition of the invention can comprise about 0.5% to about 65% insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, herbicides, nutrients, plant growth regulators and/or fertilizers by weight. In certain preferred embodiments, the composition of the invention can comprise about 90% to about 99.99% insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, herbicides, nutrients, plant growth regulators and/or fertilizers by weight.
[0102] In certain embodiments of one or more oils based on high terpene content (50% terpene by weight or more) such as, among others, citrus oil compositions contemplated herein, the pH of the composition is between about 6 .0 to about 9.0 or preferably about 7.8 to about 8.0.
[0103] Other conventional inactive or inert ingredients can be incorporated into citrus oil formulations. Such inert ingredients include, among others: conventional sizing agents, dispersants such as methylcellulose (Methocel A15LV or Methocel A15C, for example, serve as combined dispersing/sizing agents for use in seed treatments), polyvinyl alcohol (eg, Elvanol 51 -05), lecithin (eg Yelkinol P), polymeric dispersants (eg polyvinylpyrrolidone/PVP/VA S-630 vinyl acetate), thickeners (eg clay thickeners like Van Gel B to improve viscosity and reduce the deposition of particle suspensions), emulsion stabilizers, surfactants, antifreeze compounds (eg, urea), colorants, and the like.
[0104] Additional inert ingredients useful in the present invention can be found in McCutcheon's, vol.1, "Emulsifiers and Detergents," MC Publishing Company, Glen Rock, NJ, USA, 1996. Additional inert ingredients useful in the present invention can be found in McCutcheon's, vol.2, “Functional Materials”, MC Publishing Company, Glen Rock, NJ, USA, 1996. SURFACE ACTIVES
[0105] The following compounds are provided as non-limiting examples of surfactants:
[0106] Nonionic surfactants include agents such as sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyethylene glycol is alkyl ether, polyethylene glycol diether, lauroyl diethanolamide, fatty acid iso-propanolamide, maltitol hydroxy fatty acid ether, alkylated polysaccharide, alkyl glycoside, sugar ester, oleophilic glycerol monostearate, self-emulsifiable glycerol monostearate, polyglycerol monostearate, polyglycerol monostearate sorbitan, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene sterol, polyoxyethylene lanolin, polyoxyethylene beeswax and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil; and the like.
[0107] Anionic surfactants include agents such as sodium stearate, potassium palmitate, sodium cetyl sulfate, sodium lauryl phosphate, polyoxyethylene sodium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine palmitate, polyoxyethylene sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium N-acyl glutamate; and the like.
[0108] Cationic surfactants include agents such as stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride and laurylamine oxide; and the like.
[0109] Amphoteric surfactants such as alkylaminoethyl glycine chloride and lecithin; and the like.
[0110] Calfoam ® ES-603 is a clear liquid sodium salt of alcohol ethoxy sulfate with a faint alcohol odor. This biodegradable surfactant is pourable and pumpable at ambient temperatures and functions as a fast foaming and foam stabilizer in aqueous systems.
[0111] TERGITOL™ 15-S-9 surfactant is chemically known as secondary alcohol ethoxylate. It is a non-ionic surfactant. CITRIC OILS AND ONE OR MORE OILS BASED ON HIGH TERPENE CONTENT (50% TERPENE BY WEIGHT OR MORE)
[0112] Citrus oils include orange oil, lemon oil, lime oil, grapefruit oil and tangerine oil.
[0113] One or more oils based on high terpene content (50% by weight or more), such as, among others, citrus oils, of the compositions and methods of the invention, can be obtained by any method from citrus fruit in question. In particular, citrus oils are obtained from the skin or rind of the fruit in question. Preferred methods of obtaining citrus oil include, among others, cold pressing techniques. Examples of terpene-containing oils that can be used in the compositions of the invention include, among others, pinecone oils and naturally occurring plant oils that contain 50% terpene or more terpenes. INSECTICIDES, ACARICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
[0114] The terms "insecticide", "acaricide", "fungicide" and "adjuvant for other crop protection chemicals" include any agent used primarily to control insects and/or mites or fungi, preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any insects and/or mites or fungi that may be present in any environment whatsoever. These terms include the concepts of “acaricide” (agent primarily used to control plant-eating mites, especially spider mites), “nematicide” (agent primarily used to control root-infesting nematodes on crop plants), “ insect pheromone” (agent primarily used to control the behavioral responses of insects). HERBICIDES
[0115] The citrus oil compositions of the invention may also comprise one or more herbicides. FERTILIZERS AND NUTRIENTS
[0116] The compositions of the invention may also comprise fertilizers and nutrients (for example, fertilizers containing nitrogen, potassium or phosphorus). Compositions comprising only fertilizer granules which incorporate, for example, are coated with, citrus oil compositions are preferred. Such granules suitably contain up to 25% by weight of the citrus oil composition. The invention therefore also provides a fertilizer composition comprising a fertilizer and the citrus oil compositions disclosed herein.
[0117] Seaweed is a loose colloquial term covering macroscopic, multicellular, benthic seaweed. Seaweed extracts can be used as fertilizers. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. A kelp can belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: red algae, green algae and brown algae. As these three groups are not supposed to have a common multicellular ancestor, algae are a paraphyletic group. Also, some blue tuff-forming algae (cyanobacteria) are sometimes considered to be marine algae.
[0118] The macronutrients required by plants can be divided into two groups, primary and secondary nutrients. The primary nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Plants use large amounts of these nutrients for their survival and growth.
[0119] Secondary nutrients are calcium, magnesium and sulfur.
[0120] There are at least eight micronutrients essential to plant growth and health that are needed only in very small amounts. These are manganese, boron, copper, iron, chlorine, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc. Some also consider sulfur to be a micronutrient. Although these are only present in small amounts, they are all necessary.
[0121] Boron is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also aids in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in progressive bud death. Boron is also essential for pollen tube growth in plants.
[0122] Chlorine is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role in photosynthesis.
[0123] Cobalt is essential for plant health. Cobalt is considered an important catalyst in nitrogen fixation. It may need to be added to some soils before seeding legumes.
[0124] Copper is a component of some enzymes and vitamin A. Symptoms of copper deficiency include browning of the leaf tips and chlorosis.
[0125] Iron is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll, which is why an iron deficiency results in chlorosis.
[0126] Manganese activates some important enzymes involved in the formation of chlorophyll. Plants deficient in manganese will develop chlorosis between their leaf veins. Manganese availability is partially dependent on soil pH.
[0127] Molybdenum is essential for plant health. Molybdenum is used by plants to reduce nitrates into usable forms. Some plants use it for nitrogen fixation, so it may need to be added to some soils before planting legumes.
[0128] Zinc participates in the formation of chlorophyll and also activates many enzymes. Symptoms of zinc deficiency include chlorosis and stunted growth. Table 1 List of minimum and maximum elemental content in liquid fertilizers
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
[0129] Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones and phytohormones are chemicals that regulate plant growth. According to a standard animal definition, hormones are site-specific signaling molecules that occur at very low concentrations and cause altered processes in target cells elsewhere. Plant hormones, on the other hand, are different from animal hormones in that they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants do not have tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants do not have glands that produce and secrete hormones that then circulate throughout the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, affecting seed growth, flowering time, flower sex, leaf and fruit senescence, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow down, leaf formation and growth stem, fruit development and maturation, plant longevity and plant death. APPLICATION METHODS
[0130] The compositions disclosed in this document can be applied in various ways. In the most preferred method of application, the compositions disclosed in this document are applied directly to the soil that has been selected for treatment. Methods of application include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, spraying, or dusting or application as a cream or paste formulation, or application as a steam or as slow release granules.
[0131] The compositions can be applied using methods including, but not limited to, spraying, wetting, immersion, low to medium pressure misting, drenching, watering, high pressure misting, flooding, hydration, drizzle, soaking, aerial spraying of crops by plane or helicopter and spraying.
[0132] The compositions may be in the form of sprayable powders or granules comprising the citrus oil compositions in dry form and a solid diluent or carrier, for example fillers such as kaolin, bentonite, kieselguhr, dolomite, calcium carbonate, talc, powdered magnesia, Fuller's earth, gypsum, diatomaceous earth and kaolinitic clay. Such granules can be preformed granules suitable for application to the ground without further treatment. These granules can be made by impregnating filler pellets with the citrus oil compositions or by pelletizing a mixture of citrus oil composition and powder filler.
[0133] Emulsifiable concentrates or emulsions can be prepared by dissolving the citrus oil composition in an organic solvent, optionally containing a wetting agent or emulsifier, and then adding the mixture to water which may also contain a wetting or emulsifying agent . Suitable organic solvents are aromatic solvents like alkylbenzenes and alkylnaphthalenes, ketones like cyclohexanone and methylcyclohexanone, chlorinated hydrocarbons like chlorobenzene and trichlorethane and alcohols like benzyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, glycol ethers and butanol.
[0134] Suspension concentrates of largely insoluble solids can be prepared by grinding balls or microspheres with a dispersing agent with a suspending agent included to stop the deposition of solids.
[0135] Compositions to be used as sprays may be in the form of aerosols in which the formulation is held in a pressure vessel of a propellant, for example, fluorotrichloromethane or dichlorodifluoromethane.
[0136] Alternatively, citrus oil compositions can be used in microencapsulated form. They can also be formulated into biodegradable polymer formulations to achieve a slow, controlled release of the citrus oil composition. NEMATICIDES
[0137] A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill parasitic nematodes (roundworms). NEMATODES
[0138] Plant parasitic nematodes include several groups that cause severe crop losses. The most common genera are Aphelenchoides (leaf nematodes), Ditylenchus, Globodera (potato cyst nematodes), Heterodera (soy cyst nematodes), Longidorus, Meloidogyne (knot nematode), Nacobbus, Pratylenchus (nematode lesion) , Trichodorus and Xiphinema (dagger nematode). Several species of phytoparasitic nematodes cause histological root damage, including the formation of visible galls (eg, root-knot nematodes), which are useful features for their diagnosis in the field. Some nematode species transmit plant viruses through their root feeding activity. One of them is Xiphinema index, a vector of GFLV (vine nettle virus), an important disease of grapes.
[0139] Other nematodes attack tree bark and forest trees. The most important representative of this group is Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, present in Asia and America and recently discovered in Europe.
[0140] Commonly parasitic nematodes of humans include roundworms (Ascaris), filarids, hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura). The species Trichinella spiralis, commonly known as the trichin worm, occurs in rats, pigs and humans and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. Baylisascaris normally infests wild animals, but can be deadly to humans as well. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most abundant infectious agents in sheep worldwide, causing enormous economic losses in sheep farming. In contrast, entomopathogenic nematodes parasitize insects and are considered by humans to be beneficial.
[0141] A form of nematode depends entirely on fig wasps, which are the sole source of fig fertilization. They attack after the wasps, stay in them from the ripe fig of the wasp's birth to the fig flower of its death, where they kill the wasp, and their descendants await the birth of the next generation of wasps as the fig matures. EXAMPLES OF PLANTS PATHOGENIC NEMATODES Main pests of Maize Belonolaimus (The sting nematode) Criconemoides (ring nematode) Helicotylenchu (spiral nematode) Heterodera Zeae (the corn cyst nematode) Hoplolaimus (the sting nematode) Hoplolaimus (the spear nematode) Longidorus (the needle nematode) Meloidogyne (the root-knot nematode) Pratylenchus (the lesion nematode) Paratrichodorus (stubby root nematode) Tylenchorhynchus (stunting nematode) Main Pests on Columbia Potato Meloidogyne Chit Meloidogyne Hapla (Northern gall nematode) Globodera Pallida (pale potato cyst nematode) Globodera Rostochiensis (golden nematode) Ditylenchus Destructor (potato pattern nematode) Main Pests in Soybeans Heterodera Glycines (nematode CN )) Belonolaimus spp. (the sting nematode) Main Pests on Beetroot Heterodera Schachtti (beet cyst nematode) Nacobbus Aberrans (false root-knot nematode) Main Turf Pests Belonolaimus species (sting nematodes) Meloidogyne species (sting nematode) Hoplolaimus Galeatus (the spear nematode) Species of Criconemoides (ring nematode) Main Pests of Trees, Orchards and Vineyards Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus (wild pine nematode) Radopholus Similis (cave nematode) Xiphinema-delode-ematodeum (the nematode) of the galls) Rotylenchulus spp. (reniform nematode) Tylenchulus Semipenetrans (the citrus nematode) Belonolaimus Longicaudatus (ring nematode) Macroposthonia Xenoplax (ring nematode) Tylenchorhynchus spp. (stunting nematodes) Pratylenchus spp. (lesion nematode) Main Pests of Ornamental and Garden Plants Aphelenchoides spp. (leaf nematodes) Ditylenchus dipsaci (stem and bulb nematodes) Meloidogyne spp. (knot nematode) Belonolaimus Longicaudatus (sting nematode) PHYTOPHTHORA
[0142] Phytophthora (from the Greek phytón, “plant” and phthorá, “destruction”; “the destroyer of plants”) is a genus of protist that causes damage to the plants of Oomycetes (aquatic fungi).
[0143] Phytophthoras are mostly dicotyledonous pathogens and are relatively host-specific parasites. Many species of Phytophthora are plant pathogens of considerable economic importance. Phytophthora infestans was the infectious agent of potato blight that caused the great Irish famine (1845-1849). Plant diseases caused by this genus are difficult to control chemically, so resistant cultivars are cultivated as a management strategy. Research that began in the 1990s placed some responsibility for the progressive demise of the European forest on the activity of Phytophthoras imported from Asia.
[0144] Other major Phytophthora diseases are: • Phytophthora alni - causes alder root rot • Phytophthora cactorum - causes rhododendron root rot affecting rhododendrons, azaleas and causes bleeding cancer in hardwood trees • Phytophthora cinnamomi - causes Cinnamon root rot affecting woody ornamental plants including thuja, azalea, Chamaecyparis, dogwood, forsythia, Fraser fir, hemlock, Japanese holly, juniper, Pieris, rhododendron, Taxus, white pine and American chestnut • Phytophthora root rot - causes rot red affecting strawberries • Phytophthora kernoviae - beech and rhododendron pathogen, also occurring in other trees and shrubs, including oak and holm oak. First seen in Cornwall, UK, 2003. • Phytophthora palmivora - causes fruit rot in coconuts and betel nut • Phytophthora ramorum - infects over 60 plant genera and over 100 host species - causes sudden death of the Oak • Phytophthora quercina - causes death of oak • Phytophthora soybeane - causes soybean root rot FUSARIUM
[0145] Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. It can be found in normal mycoflora in commodities such as rice, beans, soybeans and other crops. Although most species are more common in tropical and subtropical areas, some inhabit the ground in cold climates. Some species of Fusarium have a teleomorphic state. Most species are harmless saprobes and relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes.
[0146] The genus includes several economically important plant pathogenic species. Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain at the end of the season. It has an economic impact on the malt and brewing industries, as well as barley for food. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head rust and in extreme contamination the barley can appear pink. The genome of this pathogen from wheat and corn was sequenced. Fusarium graminearum can also cause root rot and seedling rust. Total US losses in barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 were estimated at $3 billion.
[0147] Fusarium turf-associated rust is caused by the widespread fungi Fusarium roseum and F. tricinctum.
[0148] Fusarium root rot is one of the most common diseases of conifer seedlings in the world and is widespread in North American nurseries.
[0149] Fusarium wilt affects many different horticultural plants and is the most important pathological problem of plants grown in artificial culture media. Because this fungus prefers warmer temperatures, heated container aviaries are ideal for the accumulation of this disease.
[0150] Solanaceous harvest plants (tomato, potato, pepper and eggplant) can be infected at any age by the fungi that cause Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt. Withering organisms normally enter the plant through young roots and then grow in and up in the water-carrying vessels of the roots and stem. As the pots are capped and collapse, the water supply to the leaves is blocked. With a limited water supply, the leaves begin to wither on sunny days and recover overnight. PYTHIUM
[0151] Pythium is a genus of parasitic oomycetes. Because this group of organisms was once classified as fungi, they are sometimes still treated as such.
[0152] Pythium root rot is a common crop disease caused by a genus of organisms called "Pythium". These are commonly called aquatic fungi. Falling by Pythium is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses, where the organism kills newly emerged seedlings. This complex disease usually involves other pathogens such as Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia. Pythium wilt is caused by zoospore infection of older plants, leading to biotrophic infections that become necrotrophic in response to colonization/reinfection pressures or environmental stress, leading to minor or severe wilting caused by impaired root function.
[0153] Pythium in lawns. Many Pythium species, with their close relatives, Phytophthora species are plant pathogens of economic importance in agriculture. Pythium spp. it tends to be very generalist rather than specific in its host range. They infect a wide variety of hosts, while Phytophthora spp. it is generally more host-specific.
[0154] For this reason, Pythium spp. are most devastating in the root rot they cause in crops, because crop rotation alone often does not eradicate the pathogen (nor will it go without cultivating the field, as Pythium spp. are also good saprophytes and will survive long in decaying plant matter).
[0155] It has been observed that in large cultures, damage by Pythium spp. it is often limited to the affected area, as mobile zoospores require ample surface water to travel long distances. Additionally, the capillaries formed by the soil particles act as a natural filter and effectively trap many zoospores. However, in hydroponic systems inside greenhouses, where extensive monocultures of plants are maintained in a plant nutrient solution (containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphate and micronutrients) that is continuously recirculated to the crop, Pythium spp. they cause extensive and devastating root rot and are often difficult to prevent or control. Root rot affects entire operations (tens of thousands of plants in many cases) within two to four days due to the inherent nature of hydroponic systems, where roots are overtly exposed to aqueous media, where zoospores can circulate freely.
[0156] Several species of Pythium, including P. oligandrum, P. nunn, P. periplocum and P. acanthicum are mycoparasites of oomycetes and plant pathogenic fungi and have received interest as potential agents of biocontrol. RHIZOCTONY
[0157] Rhizoctonia is a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Rhizoctonia species consist of a large, diverse group. They all exist primarily as a sterile mycelium. It causes serious diseases in many hosts, affecting parts of plants that grow in the soil. Such plant hosts include vegetables, ornamentals, lawns and flowers. Rhizoctonia solani, the most important of these, contains several nuclei in mycelial cells. The fungus can sometimes exist as small brown sclerotia.
[0158] The most common symptom caused by Rhizoctonia is tumbling, which mainly affects seedlings, but may persist in plants that have survived tumbling to reveal other symptoms. In younger seedlings, the disease causes the trunk to become waterlogged and soft, unable to support the seedling. Older seedlings may have lesions in the outer cortex that eventually surround the trunk.
[0159] Stem ulcer in seedling caused by Rhizoctonia occurs in tobacco, cotton and other seedlings in conditions that are less favorable to the disease and where the seedlings defend themselves to survive the tipping stage. Root lesions are formed on plants from seedlings to mature stages. This leads to yellowing and severe weakening of the plant. Plants can also die.
[0160] In tubers, stems and fleshy roots, as well as in bulbs, Rhizoctonia causes brown rotting areas of various depths. These areas eventually dry out to form a sunken area. Crater rot occurs on carrots and black dandruff on potato tubers.
[0161] On lawns Rhizoctonia manifests as a brown spot with circular brown patches on which the blades of grass dry out.
[0162] Rhizoctonia winter as mycelia or sclerotia in soil or plant material. SCLEROTINY
[0163] Sclerotinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae. In this genre s. sclerotiorum and S. minor cause many diseases, such as mold, rust and rot in fruits, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, bulbs and rhizomes. They infect plants at all stages of growth. External symptoms of the disease often manifest as lesions on the plant's stem followed by a fluffy white mycelial growth and later the formation of black sclerotia. Sclerotia can also form in the stem marrow. Sclerotinia homeocarpa is the cause of the circular coin shape on the lawn.
[0164] Sclerotinia sclerotiorum winters as sclerotia or in infected plant tissues, in soil or as mycelium in live plants. ERWINIA
[0165] Erwinia is a genus of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria containing mainly plant pathogenic species, which was named for the first phytobacteriologist, Erwin Smith. It is a gram-negative bacterium related to E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia. It is primarily a rod-shaped bacteria. A well-known member of this genus is the species E. amylovora, which causes fire blight in apple, pear and other rosaceous cultures. Erwinia carotovora (now known as Pectobacterium carotovorum) is another species, which causes disease in many plants. These species produce enzymes that hydrolyze pectin between individual plant cells. This causes the cells to separate, a disease that plant pathologists call plant rot.
[0166] Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum). These bacteria are a plant pathogen with a wide range of hosts (carrots, potatoes, tomatoes, green leaves, squash and other cucurbits, onions, green peppers, etc.), capable of causing disease in virtually any plant tissue it invades. It is an economically very important pathogen in terms of post-harvest losses and a common cause of decay in stored fruits and vegetables. The decay caused by E. carotovora is often referred to as bacterial soft rot (BSR). Most plants or plant parts can resist invasion by bacteria, unless some kind of wound is present. High humidity and temperatures around 30°C favor the development of decay. Mutants that are less virulent can be produced. Virulence factors include: pectinases, cellulases, (which degrade plant cell walls) and also proteases, lipases, xylanases and nucleases (with normal virulence factors for pathogens - Fe acquisition, LPS integrity, multiple global regulatory systems). VERTICILLIUM
[0167] Verticillium is a genus of fungi from the division Ascomycota. Within the genus, several groups are formed comprising saprophytes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc roe and other fungi, therefore, it can be observed that the genus is a group of a wide range of taxa characterized by simple characters, but poorly defined. The genus can be broadly divided into three ecologically based groups based 1) mycopathogens; 2) entomopathogens; and 3) the related plant and saprophyte pathogens. However, the genus has recently undergone some revision, with the majority of entomopathogenic and mycopathogenic isolates falling into a new group called Lecanicillium. Plant pathogenic isolates still retain the original name of the genus Verticillium.
[0168] The best known species of Verticillium are V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum which cause a wilting disease called Verticillium wilt in over 300 species of eudicotyledonous plants. DRIP IRRIGATION
[0169] Drip irrigation, also known as drip irrigation or micro-irrigation, is a method of irrigation that minimizes the use of water and fertilizer or any other additive, allowing the water to slowly trickle into plant roots, onto the surface from the ground or directly over the root zone, through a network of valves, tubes, piping and emitters.
[0170] Drip irrigation has arguably become the world's most valuable innovation in agriculture since the invention of the impact sprinkler in the 1930s, which replaced flood irrigation. Drip irrigation can also use devices called micro-spray heads, which spray water over a small area rather than drip emitters. These are generally used in tree and vine crops with wider root zones. Underground drip irrigation (SDI) permanently or temporarily uses a buried dripline or drip tape located at or below plant roots. It is becoming popular for in-line crop irrigation, especially in areas where water supplies are limited or recycled water is used for irrigation. A careful study of all relevant factors such as terrain topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions is necessary to determine the most suitable drip irrigation systems and components to be used in a specific installation.
[0171] Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for a long time or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high tech and computerized to low tech and labor intensive. Lower water pressures are generally required than for most other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity across a field or for distribution of water needs to individual plants in a landscape containing a mixture of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensation emitters are available so that the field does not have to be levelled. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along piping lines that extend from a computerized set of valves. Both pressure regulation and filtration to remove particles are important. The tubes are usually black (or buried in soil or humus) to prevent algae growth and to protect the polyethylene from degradation due to ultraviolet light. But drip irrigation can also be as low-tech as a porous clay pot sunk into the ground and occasionally filled from a hose or bucket. Underground drip irrigation has been used successfully on turfgrass but is more expensive than a more traditional sprinkler system. SPRAY IRRIGATION
[0172] In overhead or sprinkler irrigation, water is channeled to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead cannons or high pressure sprinklers. A system that utilizes sprinkler sprinklers, sprayers or mounted cannons suspended from permanently installed elevations is often referred to as a solid joint irrigation system. Rotating high pressure sprinkler sprinklers are called rotors and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except they generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130 lbf/in2 (275 to 900 kPa) and flows from 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s), usually with diameters of nozzle in the range of 0.5 to 1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm). Cannons are used not only for irrigation but also for industrial applications like dust suppression and logging.
[0173] Sprinkler sprinklers can also be mounted on mobile platforms connected to the water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as travel sprayers can irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures and autonomous cemeteries. Most of these use a length of polyethylene tubing wrapped around a steel drum. As the tubing is wound onto the drum powered by irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler irrigator is pulled through the field. When the sprinkler comes back on the spool, the system shuts down. This type of system is known to most people as a "water reel" travel sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation and land application of wastewater. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable.
[0174] Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation that consists of several piping segments (usually steel or galvanized aluminum) joined and supported by trusses, mounted on wheel towers with sprinkler sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from a pivot point in the center of the arc.
[0175] Most center pivot systems now have droplets that come from a U-shaped pipe called a gooseneck attached to the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few meters away (maximum) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Droplets can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit water directly on the ground between crops. Crops are planted in a circle according to the center pivot. This type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). AGRICULTURAL USE OF WATER AND SOIL MOISTURE
[0176] For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to evaporation, runoff or rapid vertical penetration of water through the soil. An evaporation pan can be used to determine how much water is needed to irrigate the land. Flood irrigation, the oldest and most common type of irrigation, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive too much water in order to distribute sufficient amounts to other parts. Suspended irrigation, using the center pivot or laterally movable sprinkler sprinklers, gives a much more homogeneous and controlled distribution pattern, but in extremely dry conditions, much of the water can evaporate before reaching the ground. Drip irrigation offers the best results in distributing water to plant roots with minimal losses.
[0177] Since changing irrigation systems can be an onerous task, conservation efforts often focus on maximizing the efficiency of the existing system. This can include sculpting compacted soils, creating furrow ditches to prevent runoff, and using soil moisture and precipitation sensors to optimize irrigation schedules. Water conservation efforts include, among others, the following:
[0178] Recharge wells, which capture rainwater and runoff and use it to recharge the ground water supply. This helps in the formation of groundwater wells etc. and eventually reduces soil erosion caused by running water.
[0179] Any beneficial reduction in the loss, use, or waste of water.
[0180] A reduction in water use realized by the implementation of water efficiency or water conservation measures.
[0181] Improved water management practices reduce or increase the beneficial use of water. A water conservation measure is an action, change in behavior, device, technology, or improvement of an implemented design or process to reduce the loss, waste or use of water. Water efficiency is a water conservation tool. This results in more efficient water use and thus reduces water demand. The value and cost-effectiveness of a water efficiency measure should be assessed in relation to its effects on the use and cost of other natural resources (eg energy or chemicals).
[0182] As discussed above, drip irrigation is now very popular. Unfortunately, water applied through drip irrigation tends to channel below useful depths. The compositions of the present invention have the surprising effect of reducing plumbing, causing wetting of soil treated in a horizontal rather than a vertical manner. This increases the amount of water available for plant roots and decreases the total amount of water that must be used for irrigation, leading to water savings and reduced agricultural water consumption. At least 33% and up to 55% less water is needed. INFILTRATION
[0183] Infiltration is the process by which water on the surface of the land enters the soil. The infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which the soil is able to absorb rain or irrigation. It is measured in inches per hour or millimeters per hour. The rate decreases as the soil becomes saturated. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will normally occur unless there is some physical barrier. It is related to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil near the surface. The infiltration rate can be measured using an infiltrometer.
[0184] Infiltration is governed by two forces: the action of gravity and capillary action. While smaller pores offer greater resistance to gravity, very small pores pull water by capillary action in addition to and even against the force of gravity.
[0185] Infiltration rate is affected by soil characteristics, including ease of entry, storage capacity, and through-ground transmission rate. Soil texture and structure, vegetation types and cover, soil water content, soil temperature and rainfall intensity all play a role in controlling infiltration rate and capacity. For example, coarse-grained sandy soils have large spaces between each grain and allow water to infiltrate quickly. Vegetation creates more porous soils both by protecting the soil from rain showers, which can close natural gaps between soil particles, and by loosening the soil through the action of roots. This is why forest areas have the highest infiltration rates of any vegetative types.
[0186] The top layer of litter that is not decomposed protects the soil from the action of the rain shower, without this the soil can become much less permeable. In areas of chaparral vegetation, the hydrophobic oils in the succulent leaves can spread over the soil surface with fire, creating large areas of hydrophobic soil. Other conditions that can reduce infiltration rates or block them include dry plant litter that resists rehydration, or frost. If the soil is saturated at the time of an intense period of freezing, the soil can become a concrete frost in which almost no infiltration would occur. Over an entire watershed, there are likely to be gaps in concrete frost or hydrophobic soil where water can infiltrate.
[0187] Once water has infiltrated the soil, it remains in the soil, percolates down to the groundwater, or becomes part of the underground runoff process.
[0188] The infiltration process can continue only if there is space available for additional water on the soil surface. The volume available for additional water in the soil depends on the porosity of the soil and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move away from the surface through the soil. The maximum rate that water can enter a soil in a given condition is the infiltration capacity. If the arrival of water to the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water will infiltrate. If the intensity of precipitation on the ground surface occurs at a rate that exceeds the infiltration capacity, pond formation begins and is followed by runoff over the ground surface once the depression storage is filled. This flow is called the overland flow of Horton. The entire hydrological system of a watershed is sometimes analyzed using hydrology transport models, mathematical models that consider infiltration, runoff and channel flow to predict river flow rates and stream water quality.
[0189] Infiltration is a component of the general mass balance hydrological provision. There are several ways to estimate the volume and/or rate of water infiltration into the soil. Three excellent estimation methods are the Green-Ampt method, SCS method, Horton's method and Darcy's law.
[0190] General hydrological provision. The general hydrological provision, with all components, with respect to the infiltration F. Given all the other variables and the infiltration being the only unknown, simple algebra solves the infiltration issue. F = BI + P - E - T - ET - S - R - IA - BO where f is infiltration, which can be measured as a volume or length; BI is the boundary entry, which is essentially the divider of outgoing waters from adjacent, directly connected impermeable areas; BO is the limit exit, which is also related to runoff, R, depending on where the exit point or points for the limit exit are chosen; Precipitation foot; E is evaporation; ET is evapotranspiration; Se storage through retention or detention areas; IA is the initial abstraction, which is short-term surface storage such as puddles or even possibly detention ponds depending on size; Aft surface runoff.
[0191] The only note about this method is that one should be wise about which variables to use and which to omit, so doubles can be easily found. An easy example of double counting variables is when evaporation, E and transpiration, T, are put into the equation, as is evapotranspiration, ET. ET includes in itself T as well as a part of E.
[0192] Green-Ampt. Appointed for two men; Green and Ampt. The Green-Ampt method of infiltration estimation is responsible for many variables that other methods, such as Darcy's law, do not. It is a function of soil suction head, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and time.
where ^ is front soil suction head wetting; θ is the water content; K is the hydraulic conductivity; Faith the total volume already infiltrated.
[0193] Once integrated, you can easily choose to resolve by infiltration volume or instantaneous infiltration rate:

[0194] Using this model one can find the volume easily by solving F(t). However, the variable to solve for is in the equation itself, so when solving for this one, you must set the variable in question to converge to zero, or another appropriate constant. A good first guess for Faith Kt. The only note on using this formula is that it must be assumed that h0, the head of water or the depth of pooled water above the surface, is insignificant. Using the infiltration volume from this equation one can then substitute F into the corresponding infiltration rate equation below to find the instantaneous infiltration rate at the time, t, F was measured.

[0195] Horton's Equation. Horton's equation is another viable option when measuring rates or volumes of soil infiltration. It is an empirical formula that says that infiltration starts at a constant rate, f0 and decreases exponentially with time, t. After some time, when the soil saturation level reaches a certain value, the infiltration rate will stabilize the fc rate.
Where f is the infiltration rate at time t; f0 is the initial infiltration rate or maximum infiltration rate; fce the constant or equilibrium infiltration rate after the soil has been saturated or minimum infiltration rate; k is the specific decay constant for the soil.
[0196] The other method of the Horton equation is as below. It can be used to find the total infiltration volume, F, after time t.

[0197] Kostiakov's Equation. Named after its founder Kostiakov, it is an empirical equation that assumes that the rate of uptake decreases over time according to a power function.
Where a and k are empirical parameters.
[0198] The major limitation of this expression is its dependence on the final zero uptake rate. In most cases the infiltration rate instead approaches a finite constant value, which in some cases can occur after short periods of time. The Kostiakov-Lewis variant, also known as the “Modified Kostiakov” equation corrects for this by adding a constant pickup term to the original equation.
in an integrated way, the accumulated volume is expressed as:
Where f0 approaches but is not necessarily equal to the final soil infiltration rate.
[0199] Darcy's Law. This method used for infiltration is using a simplified version of Darcy's law. In this model the pooled water is assumed to be equal to h0 and the dry soil head that exists below the depth of the front soil suction head in wetting is assumed to be equal to - ^ - L.
where h0 is the depth of pooled water above the earth's surface; K is the hydraulic conductivity; Reads the total depth of the subterranean earth in question.
[0200] In summary all these equations should provide a relatively accurate assessment of the infiltration characteristics of the soil in question. AGGREGATE STABILITY
[0201] Aggregate stability is a measure of the degree to which soil aggregates resist breaking apart when wetted and hit by raindrops. It can be measured using a rainfall simulation sprinkler that constantly rains on a sieve containing a known weight of soil aggregates between 0.5 mm and 2 mm. Unstable aggregates shrink (break apart) and pass through the sieve. The fraction of soil remaining in the sieve is used to calculate the percentage stability of the aggregate.
[0202] Basic Protocol: 1. A parcel of soil oven dried at 40°C. 2. Using 2.0mm and 0.25mm stacked sieves with a catch pan, the dry soil is shaken for 10 seconds on a Tyler coarse sieve shaker to separate it into different size fractions; small (0.25-2.0 mm) and large (2.0-8.0 mm). 3. A single layer of small aggregates (0.25-2.0 mm) is spread over a 0.25 mm sieve (sieve diameter is 200 mm (8 inches)). 4. The sieves are placed at a distance of 500 mm (20 inches) below a rainfall simulator, which distributes individual drops 4.0 mm in diameter. 5. The test runs for 5 minutes and delivers 12.5 mm of water depth (approximately 0.5 inch) as drops to each sieve. This is equivalent to a heavy storm. See soils starting to moisten. A total of 0.74 J of energy thus impacts each sieve during this 5-minute rainy period. Since 0.164 mJ of energy is distributed for every 4.0 mm in diameter, it can be calculated that 15 drops per second impact each sieve. 6. The hydrated soil material that fell through during the simulated rain event and any rocks remaining on the sieve are collected, dried and weighed, and the fraction of stable soil aggregate is calculated using the following equation:
where W = weight (g) of stable soil aggregates (stable), total tested aggregates (total), aggregates hydrated outside the sieve (hydrated) and stones retained in the sieve after testing (stones). Corrections are made for stones. AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY
[0203] Soil water storage is important for plant growth. Water is stored in soil pores and organic matter. In the field, the wet end of water storage begins when gravity drainage (field capacity) ceases. The dry end of the storage interval is at the 'permanent wilting point'. Water trapped in soils that is unavailable to plants is called hygroscopic water. Clay soils tend to hold more water than sandy soils. Sandy soils tend to lose more water by gravity than clays.
[0204] Basic Protocol: 1. Soil is placed in ceramic plates that are inserted into high pressure chambers to extract water at field capacity (10 kPa) and at permanent wilting point (1500 kPa). 2. After the sample has equilibrated to the target pressure, the sample is weighed and then oven dried at 105°C overnight. 3. The dry weight of the sample is then determined and the soil water content at each pressure is calculated. The available water capacity is the loss of water from the ground between pressures of 10 and 1500 kPa. ACTIVE CARBON
[0205] Active carbon is an indicator of the fraction of soil organic matter that is readily available as a source of carbon and energy to the soil microbial community (ie, food for the soil food web). The soil is mixed with potassium permanganate (dark purple in color) and as the active carbon oxidizes the color changes (becomes less purple), which can be observed visually, but is very accurately measured with a spectrophotometer.
[0206] Basic Protocol: 1. From the largest voluminous soil of well-mixed composite, a sub-sample is collected and allowed to air dry. The soil is ground and sieved to 2 mm. 2. A 2.5 g sample of air-dried soil is placed in a 50 mL centrifuge tube filled with 20 mL of a 0.02 M potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution, which is dark purple in color. . 3. Soil and KMnO4 are shaken for exactly 2 minutes to oxidize the “active” carbon in the sample. The purple color becomes lighter as a result of this oxidation. 4. The sample is centrifuged for 5 minutes and the supernatant is diluted with distilled water and measured for absorbance at 550 nm. 5. The absorbance of a standard KMnO4 dilution series is also measured to create a calibration curve to interpret the sample's absorbance data. 6. A simple formula is used to convert the sample absorbance value into active C in units of mg carbon per kg of soil. POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN
[0207] Potentially mineralizable nitrogen (NPM) is an indicator of the capacity of the soil microbial community to convert (mineralize) the retained nitrogen into complex organic residues in the form of ammonium available to the plant. Soil samples are incubated for 7 days and the amount of ammonium produced during this period reflects the nitrogen mineralization capacity.
[0208] Basic Protocol: 1. As soon as possible after sampling, the mixed composite bulky soil sample (stored at 5°C (40°F)) is sieved and two 8g soil samples are removed and placed in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. 2. Forty milliliters of 2.0 M potassium chloride (KCl) are added to one of the tubes, shaken on a mechanical shaker for 1 hour, centrifuged for 10 minutes, and then 20 mL of the supernatant is collected and analyzed for concentration of ammonium (“time 0” measurement). 3. Ten milliliters of distilled water is added to the second tube, it is manually shaken and stored (incubated) for 7 days at 30°C (86°F). 4. After the 7-day incubation, 30 mL of 2.67 M KCl is added to the second tube (creating a 2.0 M solution), the tube is shaken on a mechanical shaker for 1 hour, centrifuged for 10 minutes , and then 20 mL of the supernatant are collected and analyzed for the ammonium concentration (measurement of the “7-day time”). 5. The difference between the ammonium concentration at time 0 and time 7 days is the rate at which soil microbes are able to mineralize organic nitrogen in the soil sample. Results are reported in units of micrograms of mineralized nitrogen per gram of soil dry weight per week. EXAMPLES
[0209] Method of application: Two quarts to 5 gallons of the compositions described in this document are injected, undiluted, directly into the per acre drip irrigation line system. The volume calculation will depend on 1. Gallons of water per acre to be applied 2. Nematode pressure levels and Phytophthora expectations 3. Frequency of repeated applications
[0210] Frequency of application: Ideally 3 to 5 days before planting. If this is not possible then 10-14 days after planting. Repeat 3 to 5 weeks after planting and then only if necessary.
[0211] The compositions disclosed in this document may have additional nutrients added over time by the manufacturer.
[0212] In such events the composition will have the strength of 66.66% with the nutrients included in 33.3% of the formula.
[0213] In such cases the application volume will be increased by 50%.

权利要求:
Claims (29)
[0001]
1. METHOD FOR KILLING, CONTROLLING OR REPELLING PLANT PESTS, characterized in that the pests are selected from the group consisting of Nematodes, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Erwinia and Verticillium, comprising: a) selecting the soil that needs treatment; b) applying an amount from 5 l/ha to 100 l/ha of a composition to the soil in need of treatment, said composition comprising one or more surfactants; and one or more natural oils containing high terpene content, said oil containing from 50% to 97% terpenes and selected from the group consisting of orange oil, grapefruit oil, lime oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, pine oil; and propylene glycol; to thereby kill, control or repel plant pests selected from the group consisting of Nematoides, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Erwinia and Verticillium in the soil selected for treatment.
[0002]
2. METHOD, according to claim 1, characterized in that said selection step comprises the identification of soil containing any of said pests present in an amount of 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha to harm or reduce growth or yield of a plant that grows in that soil.
[0003]
A METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of one or more natural oils containing high terpene content in said composition is from 1% to 30% by weight based on the weight of the composition.
[0004]
4. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition contains from 5% to 10% by weight of propylene glycol based on the weight of the composition.
[0005]
5. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that said composition further comprises ethyl alcohol.
[0006]
6. METHOD according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said one or more natural oils containing high terpene content containing above 50% terpene is orange oil and its concentration in said composition is from 1% to 20% by weight based on the weight of the composition.
[0007]
Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that said composition is a concentrate.
[0008]
8. METHOD, according to claim 1, characterized in that said composition is applied at a rate between 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha.
[0009]
9. METHOD TO INCREASE THE VOLUME OF MOIST SOIL AVAILABLE FOR WATER CAPTURE FOR PLANT ROOTS, characterized by comprising: a) selecting the soil that needs treatment; b) applying an amount of 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha of a composition composed of one or more surfactants and one or more high terpene based oils selected from the group consisting of citrus peel oils, preferably citrus oil. orange, grapefruit oil, lime oil, lemon oil, tangerine oil or pine oil, and plant oils containing 50% or more soil terpenes in need of treatment; to thereby increase the volume of moistened soil available for water uptake by plant roots in the soil selected for treatment compared to untreated soil.
[0010]
10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the lateral movement of water in said soil is increased compared to the lateral movement of water in the soil that has not been subjected to said treatment.
[0011]
11. METHOD according to any one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the treatment increases the amount of water available to a plant growing in said soil, increasing the amount of water in the root zone of said plant compared to the soil that was not subjected to this treatment.
[0012]
12. METHOD, according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that said treated soil has above 20% more volumes of moist soil available for water uptake by plant roots compared to untreated soil.
[0013]
13. METHOD according to any one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that said composition is applied through drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, soil waterlogging or flood irrigation.
[0014]
A METHOD, according to any one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that said composition is applied at a rate of 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha.
[0015]
15. METHOD according to claim 9, characterized in that a concentrate consisting of one or more surfactants and one or more oils containing high terpene content is provided, wherein the concentrate is injected into an irrigation system to dilute said concentrate and apply the diluted concentrate to the soil via said irrigation system.
[0016]
16. METHOD according to claim 15, characterized in that the irrigation system is a drip irrigation system or sprinkler irrigation system or the diluted concentrate is applied through waterlogging or flood irrigation.
[0017]
17. METHOD according to claim 16, characterized in that the volume of water supplied by individual drops in said drip irrigation system before treatment with said concentrate varies above 10% when these drops are compared to each other.
[0018]
The METHOD according to any one of claims 9 to 17, characterized in that said composition further comprises a fertilizer or micronutrients.
[0019]
19. METHOD according to any one of claims 9 to 18, characterized in that the composition further comprises propylene glycol.
[0020]
20. METHOD according to any one of claims 9 to 19, characterized in that the composition further comprises ethyl alcohol.
[0021]
21. METHOD OF INCREASE OR PROMOTE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE SOIL, characterized in that it comprises the selection of the soil that needs treatment and the application of an amount from 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha of a composition composed of one or more surfactants and one or more terpene-based oils selected from the group consisting of citrus peel oils, preferably orange oil, grapefruit oil, lime oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil or pine oil and natural plant oils that contain 50% or more terpenes, and propylene glycol to the soil in need of treatment to thereby increase or promote microbial activity in the soil selected for treatment compared to untreated soil.
[0022]
22. METHOD, according to claim 21, characterized in that the microbial activity increases between 1.5 and 15.0 times the level of microbial activity in untreated soil.
[0023]
23. METHOD, according to any one of claims 21 or 22, characterized in that the microbial activity is measured as PMN (Mineralizable Nitrogen Potential) in units of mgN/g/time unit (micrograms of nitrogen per gram per unit of time) or in units of mgN/g/week (micrograms of nitrogen per gram per week).
[0024]
A METHOD, according to any one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that said composition is applied at a rate between 5 L/ha to 100 L/ha.
[0025]
25. METHOD according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that said composition further comprises a fertilizer.
[0026]
26. METHOD according to any one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that the composition further comprises ethyl alcohol.
[0027]
27. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 26, characterized in that said composition is a concentrate.
[0028]
28. METHOD according to any one of claims 21 to 27, characterized in that said composition is applied via drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation or waterlogging.
[0029]
29. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 28, characterized in that said composition is applied to said soil once, twice or more than twice during the vegetative period.

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EP2601834B1|2019-01-02|

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HUE041569T2|2019-05-28|

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EP2601834A3|2013-09-11|

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法律状态:
2020-03-10| B25G| Requested change of headquarter approved|Owner name: ORO AGRI INC. (US) |

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2020-03-17| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2020-05-26| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-09-29| B07A| Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-01-05| B07A| Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-04-27| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-05-25| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 13/04/2010, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. PATENTE CONCEDIDA CONFORME ADI 5.529/DF |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US12/585,232|2009-09-09|

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PCT/US2010/001094|WO2011031287A2|2009-09-09|2010-04-13|Compositions and methods for the control of nematodes and soil borne diseases|

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